Novartis 

Novartis AG, a global pharmaceutical enterprise established in 1996 and based in Basel, Switzerland, is engaged in the entire lifecycle of healthcare products, from research and development to manufacturing and worldwide commercialization. The company's operations are divided into two main divisions: Innovative Medicines and Sandoz. The Innovative Medicines segment is dedicated to providing advanced prescription medications to both patients and healthcare professionals. Its extensive product portfolio covers a wide range of therapeutic areas, including ophthalmology, neuroscience, immunology, hepatology, dermatology, respiratory conditions, cardiovascular health, renal diseases, and metabolism. Conversely, the Sandoz segment specializes in a comprehensive array of generic and biosimilar products. This involves the creation, production, and distribution of finished dosage form medicines, as well as active ingredients and small molecule pharmaceuticals for external partners. Sandoz also supplies generic drugs for retail, anti-infectives, and crucial active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and intermediates, particularly antibiotics. Additionally, this division is involved in developing protein-based and other biotechnology products, such as biosimilars, and offers biotechnology manufacturing services. Novartis AG also pursues strategic collaborations. It has a licensing and collaboration agreement with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals concerning the development, production, and commercialization of inclisiran. Moreover, the company maintains a clinical partnership with Kura Oncology, Inc. to assess the combined efficacy of Tipifarnib and Alpelisib in treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.